History The History Of Computers - 1631 Words

The History of Computers What is the history behind the computers we use in an everyday life? Most of us don t ask ourselves this question. But if it wasn t for the people who came up with these first inventions, we wouldn t have had the experience of this acknowledgment that we have today. Over the centuries computers have been evolving, becoming more and more advanced and equipped for the utilization of personal matter. What many of us don t know, is that the beginning of computers goes all the way back to 2400 BC. The first computing hardware was the Abacus, which was an invention of the Babylonians, Chinese and the Romans. Charles Babbage, also know as the father of computers. In the year 1830, the Analytical engine used a mechanical power. The Analytical engine had the ability to calculate various amounts of mathematical tables, even the infinitesimal imperfections would cause errors in the device. The Abacus was funded by the British government,which eventually the fund that the British government had invested was pulled away, conjecturing that his innovation wouldn t function efficiently, even his colleagues didn t have the confidence in him with his new innovation. To ameliorate his computer hardware, he generated the analytical engine, to have the capability to accomplish many types of calculations. His son manufactured the only working model version of the computer machine in 1991. The first programmer was Augusta Ada, Countess Lovelace, she was also wellShow MoreRelatedHistory of Compu ters875 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Computers Table of Contents Table of ContentsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â….2 AbstractÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â…3 Body of ResearchÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….4 - 6 ConclusionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…7 BibliographyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..8 Abstract This project explains the history of computers, starting from Howard Aikens Harvard Mark I to present day time. Although I have not gone over all of the models in my report, I have chosen those which I feel have had the greatest effect on the computer world. I will show how in just forty years, computersRead MoreHistory of the Computer1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of the Computer Long before computers were invented, humans realized the need for them. The history of the Computer started about 2000 years ago with the abacus. It is a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them and was one of the best calculating machines until the seventeenth century (PBS, 1). In 1835, English inventor, Charles Babbage came up with the idea of the Analytical Machine, a general purpose, fully programmed-controlled, automatic mechanical digitalRead MoreThe History of Computers1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Computers Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern day life. From the second you get up in the morning to the second you go to sleep computer are tied into what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and obscure ways. Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you car it uses computers the second you turn the key (General Motors is the largest buyersRead MoreHistory of Computer1341 Words   |  6 PagesHISTORY OF COMPUTER THE PRE-MECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D. 1. Writing and Alphabets – Communication First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words. Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the first true alphabet) The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. 2. PaperRead MoreHistory of Computers1887 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of Computers ENG 121 The volume and use of computers in the world are so great, they have become difficult to ignore anymore. Computers appear to us in so many ways that many times, we fail to see them as they actually are. People associated with a computer when they purchased their morning coffee at the vending machine. As they drove themselves to work, the traffic lights that so often hampered us are controlled by computers in an attempt to speed the journey. Accept it or not, the computerRead MoreA Brief History of Computers1103 Words   |  4 PagesComputers have been around for a very long time. Going back in history, some people believe that the abacus was the true first computer. The first abacus is believed to come into existence between 2700–2300 BC and was created by the Sumerians so that they could count faster, and has evolved through the years. The term â€Å"computer† came out around 1613. People who performed computations or calculations were often referred to as computers. One of the first major counting problems in history was the CensusRead MoreThe History And How Of Computers915 Words   |  4 PagesThe History and How of Computers Everything you do on a computer or phone is meticulously programmed. Surfing the web requires HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery, and PHP. Lines upon lines written such as â€Å"$temp = password_hash($object-password, PASSWORD_BCRYPT);†. The binary zeros and ones of machine code turn into video games, websites, and programs such as what you are using right now to read this. The age of information was brought forth by the ability to access all known information and share newRead MoreTechnology : History Of Computers1924 Words   |  8 PagesTechnology: History of Computers Computers have taking a huge chunk of our everyday lives. If it be using a smartphone or any other type of technology. Computers have influenced a revolution in the way we live. But it was not always like this, before computers became a necessity, very few people had them in their houses. Only the people that could afford these big clunks of metal had them. As time would go by and technology grew a computer would find a home in everyone’s household. The history of computersRead MoreThe History Of Computer Engineering2185 Words   |  9 Pages The History of Computer Engineering What exactly is computer engineering? Many people may consider computer engineering as the branch of engineering that integrates electronic engineering with computer sciences. Being a computer engineering major, I must be aware of what I am dealing with in that major and how I plan to use what I learned from it in the future. If I was to just pick a major without any prior knowledge to it, then that would be senseless on my behalf. Now that I am mindful of theRead MoreHistory of the Personal Computer583 Words   |  2 PagesHistory of the Personal Computer 1. Introduction and thesis statement The modern day society is the result of countless processes of change and evolution, among the more notable of them being the evolution of Information Technology. Today, technology impacts all aspects of the life of humanity, from the trivial chores, to the complex and intricate endeavors. But this state of affairs could not have been possible had it not been for the creation and strong development of the Personal Computer

Psychology Child Development Theories - 1094 Words

Psychology: Child Development Theories According to Merriam-Webster, psychology is â€Å"the study of the human mind and its functions†. With psychology, we are able to understand and predict human behavior and overall understand how we think and process the world around us. In this research paper we will be discussing the most known theories of a specific branch of psychology, child development, then I will explain which theory of all I believe is right and why. Developmental psychology is the scientific study how and why human beings change over the course of their life. We will be discussing the following theories: Developmental Milestone, Cognitive Stages, Psychosocial Stages, and Psychosexual Stages, and Moral stages. Before we dive in we†¦show more content†¦His theory was based on the ideal that children should be raised closer to nature. Treated like animals until 16 and then let them develop into in an adult. This was the first time children would be seen from a developmental point of view. From t hen on Charles Darwin made great contributions to psychology. 1877 he wrote the â€Å"Biographical Sketch of an Infant† based on study he performed on his own child. It was the first English child study and inspired others in England to study children. Lastly came James Mark Baldwin who based his theory on the mental aspect and growth of infants. It became a huge influence to Jean Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget’s Cognitive Stage Theory: This theory tells us how a child constructs a mental model of the world. It is split up into 4 Stages: The Sensorimotor Stage, The Preoperational Stage, The concrete Operational Stage, and The Formal Operational Stage as well as 4 fundamental concepts. The first one is called Schemas. Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us interpret and understand the world around us. The second concept is called Assimilation. Assimilation is the process of taking in new information into our already existing schemas. The third concept is called accommodation which is another part of adaptation which involves changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information or new experiences. The last concept is called equilibration which is the balanceShow MoreRelatedChild Development Theories Within The Field Of Psychology Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesthere was a prominent debate on â€Å"Nurture† versus â€Å"Nature† in the fiel d of psychology. Psychologists fought against each other to assert their own theories and statements. Nowadays, people have reached a consensus on this topic that the environment and the genes actually interact with each other and eventually lead to the typical features of individuals. Evidently, parent is one key topic in various child development theories since parents generally provide the whole living environment for childrenRead MoreJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pagesfields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, Switzerland. He was the oldest child in his family. His motherRead MoreHow Do Humans Develop Over A Lifetime? Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopmental psychology. Developmental psychology is the study of how humans develop relating to the mind, body, and spirit. It not only is an approach based on a micro sense, but on a macro sense as well. Micro meaning the development from baby to adult and macro meaning how a culture itself develops over a time span. Because developmental psychology is an umbrella term, it is used to describe a number of different disciples that are all focused on one common goal (Developmental Psychology). Being thatRead MoreComparing Childhood Studies And Child Psychology1368 Words   |  6 Pages Part 1: Comparing and contrasting childhood studies and child psychology a. What are the main features of childhood studies? (400 words) Childhood studies is a subject area surrounding the study of children’s lives through many different concepts or ideas with many different features. It is related to many different fields such as law, history, sociology, health, anthropology and much more as Martin Woodhead (Open University) said â€Å"It uses multiple methods rather than just singular methods† andRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Theory And Psychosocial Development1561 Words   |  7 PagesTheories and Theorists Theories are the building blocks of psychology. Theories whether old or new has allowed us to know what we know now. There are many theories in the field of psychology or educational psychology that are important to further understand human behavior. However, this paper will focus on only two theories which are; Erikson’s psychosocial theory and Alfred Adler’s Adlerian theory. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development has always been a great contribution to the field of psychologyRead MoreEssay about Understanding Piaget’s Theory and Current Criticism1370 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished a theory of cognitive growth during childhood. This theory was viewed as a major model for understanding the intricate steps of mental development from the thinking to understanding for a child. This theory also gave rise to the mentality that cognitive processes during childhood are not minuscule versions of adults but rather an irrational yet unique process with its own rules. Even though Piaget’s theory seems quite reasonable and logical, under the light of recent speculation his theory hasRead MoreQuestions On Theories Of Attachment Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstand Theories of Attachment. Evaluating two theories that explain the development of the infant attachment to parents or surrogates. Ainsworth and Bell’s theory, based on Strange Situation Test (SST), and Bowlby’s monotropic theory will be evaluated and shall show their usefulness in psychological research. Summary of Attachment. An attachment is, to quote Kagan et al. (1978, cited in Gross, 2015), â€Å"†¦an intense emotional relationship that is specific to two people, that endures over time,Read MorePsychology and the Nature of Humanity1227 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction. The American Psychologist Association (APA) defines psychology as ‘the study of the mind and behaviour . The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged. ‘(Association, 2014). With such an extensive definition, it is not overly surprising that its scientific kudos has been used to propagate political dogma, including abominable beliefs such as the innate inferiorityRead MoreMy Point Of View Attachment Theory1033 Words   |  5 PagesMain Post Attachment theory is defined as the characters associated with the long term associated of human beings. From my point of view attachment is a lasting, secure and positive bond between a child and a caregiver, a reciprocal relationship. John Bowlby who used his knowledge in developmental psychology, psychoanalysis, ethology, and data processing to base his principle of the theory developed attachment theory. John Bowlby believed that attachment theory was on of the four essential behavioralRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1359 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is in every child at every stage a new miracle of vigorous unfolding.† And no matter who you are and what you do, I believe that everyone will go through stages in their life. Erik Erikson was a famous psychologist in the twentieth – century, where he developed â€Å"Psychosocial stages†. Erikson’s theories centered on issues that were met on specific ages in someone’ s life. Love, care, and tender is critical and many parents do not realize how much nurturing and caring for a child is very important

Anaesthesia and the Respiratory System

Question: Discuss about the Anaesthesia and the Respiratory System. Answer: Vermiform appendix, which is a part of the digestive system is a blind-ended tube and is connected to the cecum from which it originates embryologically. The appendix is present near the junction of the large intestine and small intestine, the right side of abdomen mostly the lower quadrant (Cohen, Wood, Memmler, 2000). It resembles a roundworm, hence having the name vermiform. Vermiform appendix is about 9 cm in length and few millimeters wide (Singh, 2005). Conventionally, the vermiform appendix has been considered as redundant, potentially troublesome organ without any useful aspects. However, at present few scientists believe that the vermiform appendix offers a place to good bacteria and localize them as a reserve in case there occurs a sudden disease caused by some malevolent bacteria. But this function of the vermiform appendix is still a topic of debate, because of the fact that individuals who have their appendix removed lead their lives without any problems or complication s (More Vita-More, 2013). The appendixs function is still a topic of debate, but it can be troublesome as it leads to the appendicitis. Acute appendicitis is found to be the most popular surgical abdominal emergency. The incidence of complications is increased in case there is a delay in the treatment of the appendicitis, and if left untreated, it may result in several complications like the formation of an inflammatory mass, rupture, appendix abscess, or generalized peritonitis. Acute appendicitiss diagnosis is chiefly clinical, and presentation of this disease can be atypical or typical. The typical presentation initiates with vague periumbilical pain for past few hours, which then spreads to the right iliac fossa, with nausea, lack of appetite, or vomiting. The atypical presentation usually lacks this typical progression and can include the right lower quadrant pain as a starting symptom (Nshuti, Kruger, Luvhengo, 2014). Appendectomy has been regarded as a gold standard in treating acute appendicitis for several years. Open appendectomy was first described by McBurney in 1891 and is considered as a well-establish ed treatment procedure with having safety and efficacy. However, since the introduction of laparoscopic appendectomy in 1980, it has more acceptance because of the several advantages related to this approach, mainly, less pain after surgery, faster recovery to the normal activity, and less infection rate of the surgical wound. But there are few concerns also related to the laparoscopic approach, which includes longer operative duration, increased costs, and increased formation of the intra-abdominal abscess. Despite of few concerns, the laparoscopic approach is the favorable approach in treating acute appendicitis due to the associated advantages (Resende, Almeida, Costa Maia, Bessa Melo, 2016). Sol 2: General anesthesia is found to cause disturbance of pulmonary gas exchange with impairment of both oxygenation, as well as, elimination of carbon dioxide. However, the initial effect of general anesthesia appears to be on the chest walls shape and motion. This, in turn, may cause an alteration in the mechanical properties of the lung, as well as, the chest wall. Alteration in the intrapulmonary gas distribution appears to be secondary (Rehder, 1979). Venous admixture, as well as, physiological dead space are also found to be increased during anesthesia. The main reason behind these changes is increased inequality of the ventilation to perfusion, which is an effect primarily attributable to the intrapulmonary distributions alteration of the ventilation. Hence, with this variation in the pulmonary gas exchange, anesthesia is found to cause the alteration in the mechanism of the respiratory system, more particularly to decrease the functional residual capacity (FRC) in the recumb ent subjects. Hence, the alterations induced in the chest wall behavior by the anesthesia are responsible for related variation in the lung function, as well as, in consequent impairment of the exchange of pulmonary gasses (Gelb, Southorn, Rehder, 1981). As opioids are mostly used to treat acute pain, these cause respiratory depression and are results in the dose-related total ventilation depression by decreasing the respiratory frequency and tidal volume, thus blocking the physical control of respiratory mechanism after the weaning process (Karcz Papadakos, 2013). Hence, it is very clear that the use of anesthesia can result in the respiratory depression, as well as, respiratory impairment, which might be the possible reason behind the patients low respiratory rate of 10 in the postoperative respiratory unit in comparison to the normal respiratory rate of 12-20 breaths per minute. Anesthetics are found to have both direct and indirect impact on the ones cardiovascular system. In general, it is observed that the anesthetic agents are having a depressant effect on both contractility and vascular tone, thus, affecting the cardiac output. In addition to this, anesthetic agents are also found to have an indirect effect on the cardiovascular system by influencing the autonomic nervous system through suppressing or augmenting parasympathetic or sympathetic tone. Hence, the effect of anesthetics on the cardiovascular system seems to be synergistic (Levine, Govindaraj, DeMaria, 2013). General anesthesia generally results in the significant alterations in the hemodynamics, mainly at the time of inducing anesthesia. It is observed that both the intravenous and inhalational anesthetic agents can impact the performance of the cardiovascular system, including effects on the heart rate, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, myocardial contractility, cardiac conducti on system, blood pressure, or coronary blood flow. Hence, it is very important to maintain the stability of the cardiovascular system, which requires careful and effective titration of medications, diligent monitoring of patients vital signs, and knowledge of basic and clinic science in pharmacology and physiology ("Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices", 2005). The surgery itself can be responsible for causing several complications in the functioning of the cardiovascular system, which can be additive with the use of anesthesia. Loss or volume shift of blood, hypothermia, preload and afterload changes in the heart, or myocardial ischemia are few of the effects that can be produced in some cases(Barker, Gamel, Tremper, 1987). Hence, the hypothermic condition of the patient with the body temperature of 35 degrees can be attributed to the effect of the surgery and anesthetic agents. Moreover, the patient was having a low blood pressure of 90/50 mmHg in the postoperativ e recovery unit, which may be the potential effects of the use of anesthesia as anesthesia are found to impact the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. Anesthetics are found to result in various alterations in the individuals behavioral state through interaction with the brains activity via two mechanisms. The first mechanism is the suppression of the neuronal activity of ones brain in the global dose-dependent, as well as, region-specific manner. While the second mechanism occurs either by suppressing the neuronal activity of the brain and by interrupting the function of the distributed networks of the brains neuron (Heinke Koelsch, 2005). Though anesthesia is capable of inducing amnesia and unresponsiveness, the extent of producing unconsciousness is difficult to establish. For example, certain anesthetics are found to abolish the behavioral responsiveness by acting on the cortex areas of the brain present close the midline but does not necessarily produce consciousness. Unconsciousness occurs when there is an inactivation of the brain parts in the posterior parietal area. Hence, anesthetics tend to produce unconsciousness when t hese agents block the ability of the brain to integrate information (Alkire, Hudetz, Tononi, 2008). For better management of the effects produced by the body on surgery and use of anesthetics, it is very important to assess all these vital signs before discharging the patient from the postoperative recovery unit. The stability of the patients cardiovascular system, respiration and oxygenation condition, body temperature, and other vital signs should be assessed thoroughly. If there is a presence of the variation in the vital signs from the normal range in blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature, or pulse rate, the patient should not be discharged to the general ward. Sol 3: The discharge plan for the patient will include special instructions related to the medications he has been prescribed. As the patient is prescribed tramadol and metronidazole, the patient is strongly recommended to avoid alcohol consumption with these medications. The consumption of alcohol can increase the side-effects of tramadol and can cause vertigo and nausea with metronidazole (Woodfield et al., 2016). The patient is instructed to avoid driving or doing any kind of hazardous work after taking tramadol because tramadol results in sedation, drowsiness, and tiredness (BMA Concise Guide to Medicine Drugs, 2015). As postoperative diet of the patient is always in demand after an appendectomy, the patient is referred to a dietician for maintaining a proper log of his dietary intake, which is best suitable to his health (Talamini, 2006). The home nurse care will assist the patient at home for providing health care and will look after his needs as his family is overseas and he is alone at home. The patient is educated about the possible complications that may arise in the wound area like redness, tenderness, or infection around the incision site. The home nurse care will also keep an eye on the healing status of the wound and related infection if present (Brunner, Suddarth, Smeltzer, 2008). The patient is instructed to keep an eye and immediately inform the office in case of fever, diaphoresis, chills, abdominal pain and tenderness, vomiting, or nausea. The patient is also instructed to avoid lifting heavy objects and strenuous activity for at least one month following the surgery. The patient is encouraged to keep scheduled followup appointments for monitoring his healing and recovery status, as well as, to monitor the presence of any kind of complications. The patient is alcohol dependent and drug abuse after having breakup with his girlfriend, so there is a high need for him to overcome his dependency. Hence, the patient is recommended to seek a psych ologist once he gets fully recovered for management of his personal problems. A referral to the psychologist is provided to the patient in case he wants to see the psychologist in a near future. Moreover, the patient is advised to join some rehabilitation services for the management of his alcohol dependency and drug use (Monti, Colby, O'Leary, 2001). References Alkire, M., Hudetz, A., Tononi, G. (2008).Consciousness and anesthesia.Science,322(5903), 876-880. Barker, S., Gamel, D., Tremper, K. (1987). Cardiovascular effects of anesthesia and operation.Crit Care Clin.,3(2), 251-68. BMA Concise Guide to Medicine Drugs. (2015) (5th ed.). London. Brunner, L., Suddarth, D., Smeltzer, S. (2008).Brunner Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Cohen, B., Wood, D., Memmler, R. (2000).Memmler's the structure function of the human body. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Gelb, A., Southorn, P., Rehder, K. (1981). Effect of general anaesthesia on respiratory function.Lung,159(1), 187-198. Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices. (2005). Heinke, W. Koelsch, S. (2005). The effects of anesthetics on brain activity and cognitive function.Current Opinion In Anaesthesiology,18(6), 625-631. Karcz, M. Papadakos, P. (2013). Respiratory complications in the postanesthesia care unit: A review of pathophysiological mechanisms.Can J Respir Ther.,49(4), 21-29. Levine, A., Govindaraj, S., DeMaria, J. (2013).Anesthesiology and otolaryngology. New York: Springer. Monti, P., Colby, S., O'Leary, T. (2001).Adolescents, alcohol, and substance abuse. New York: Guilford Press. More, M. Vita-More, N. (2013).Transhumanist Reader, The : Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future. Wiley-Blackwell. Nshuti, R., Kruger, D., Luvhengo, T. (2014). Clinical presentation of acute appendicitis in adults at the Chris Hani Baragwanath academic hospital.Int J Emerg Med,7(1), 12. Rehder, K. (1979). Anaesthesia and the respiratory system.Canad. Anaesth. Soc. J.,26(6), 451-462. Resende, F., Almeida, A., Costa Maia, J., Bessa Melo, R. (2016). Challenges in uncomplicated acute appendicitis.Journal Of Acute Disease,5(2), 109-113. Singh, I. (2005).Anatomy and physiology for nurses. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. Talamini, M. (2006).Advanced therapy in minimally invasive surgery. Oxford: B.C. Decker. Woodfield, G., Phillips, B., Taylor, V., Hawkins, A., Stanton, A., O'Sullivan, M. (2016).Essential practical prescribing.

The Lonely Characters in Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men is set during the 1930s about the time of the American depression Essay Example For Students

The Lonely Characters in Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men is set during the 1930s about the time of the American depression Essay Of Mice and Men is set during the 1930s about the time of the American depression. It focuses upon two men who are raising money to buy and live on a small farm of their dreams. They work on the ranches to earn the money to do this. These men are George Milton and Lennie Small. George looks after Lennie as he is very forgetful and slow. Lennie usually ends up getting the both of them canned this means thrown off the ranch as he tends to do stupid things that get them both in trouble. The ranches are lonely places as the men who work on them often have little or no family. The men upon the ranches play simple games when theyre not in the fields working in order to pass the time. George is described in the book as he and Lennie are walking, it describes well by saying The first man was small and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features Every part of him was defined; small, strong hands, slender arms, a thin and bony nose. We will write a custom essay on The Lonely Characters in Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men is set during the 1930s about the time of the American depression specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The book then continues to describe Lennie it reads Behind him walked his opposite, a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders; and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. George sometimes gets annoyed with Lennie, although he loves him and cares deeply for him. An example of this love and care is Lennie, for Gods sake dont drink so much. Lennie continued to snort into the pool. The small man leaned over and shook him by the shoulder. Lennie. You gonna be sick like you was last night. George misses having someone to love him. You can tell this as he says Guys like us, that work on the ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They dont belong no place. I believe that this shows a slight glimpse of Georges real feelings, though I think that he is too afraid to disclose his true feelings for the sake of Lennie. Crooks is also a ranch worker. He takes care of the horses and gets them ready in the morning for working in the fields. Crooks is a black man with a crooked back, he got his crooked back after being kicked in the back by a horse. I think that his name is meant to signify his crooked back. He lives away from the other ranch workers in a small room in the barn. Reading books alone in his room is how he passes time when not working. He isnt allowed in the bunkhouse where the other men sleep as he is a black man. So it is easy to see he is very lonely as most of the men wont even speak to him. The only time  he can come into the bunkhouse is on Christmas day when to boss gives them a case of whisky. A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont make a difference who the guy is, longs hes with youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I tell ya a guy gets too lonely, an he gets sick. I believe that this defiantly proves that Crooks is one of the lonely characters in the book. Curley is another lonely character on the ranch his father is the boss. This is the only reason that the other men tolerate him and I believe that he knows this. Although he is fortunate to have a wife unlike the other men, he is still lonely as they have an extremely poor relationship. Curley is unpopular with the men on the ranch, he is a moody person, small and he has a thing against big people. Curley has a wife, she tells Lennie that he gets in a mood when she speaks to other men, and that he treats her bad all the time. .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 , .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 .postImageUrl , .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 , .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718:hover , .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718:visited , .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718:active { border:0!important; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718:active , .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718 .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2be43dabc2fc4c5bc0eafd9ba425e718:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Male Dominance of Women in Madame Bovary and Midaq Alley EssayShe also tells Lennie I get Lonely. You can talk to people, but I cant talk to anybody but Curley. Else he gets mad. Howd you like not to talk to anybody? Curleys wife feels very lonely, she cant talk to any of the other men on the ranch except for Curley, or he gets mad with her. There are no other women to socialise with on the ranch. She speaks of running away and that nobody would ever see her again if she did. This shows that she is an extremely lonely character on the ranch. Another way that you can tell she is a lonely character is that she is never referred to by name, this shows nobody has taken time to even discover her name. Therefore it must be assumed that the men see her as an object rather than a person. Curley and she dont have a good relationship at all you know this, as they never have a conversation during the story. Also she married him to escape her mother and believes that he is strong as a person and that he has power over the workers on the ranch when it is his father who owns the ranch. There is another lonely character on the ranch, Candy, he is and old man who lost one of his hands in a machine accident, so now he sweeps up in the yard. Candy sweeps while the other men are out in the fields. Candy has an old dog but the book doesnt give you the dogs name Candy just calls her girl. The dog is Candys only companion whilst the other men are out in the fields. During the story the dog is shot due her old age, after she is shot he tells George I ought to of shot that dog myself, I shouldnt ought to of let no stranger shoot my dog. Another worker on  the ranch shot the dog. Candy is one of the older workers on the ranch and realises that he is too old to live out his dreams now. Also he has no idea what he is going to do when he is canned. He has no hopes for the future and no real friends therefore he is one of the loneliest characters on the ranch. George faces a similar predicament, George knows that he must be the one too kill Lennie, because if anyone else does it they will do it inhumanly. This is why he shoots Lennie while talking to him as to distract him, where as Curley would shoot for his guts. Although all of the characters are lonely I feel that these characters are the loneliest. Georges saying sums up all of the ranch workers loneliness by saying Guys like us, that work on the ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world.

Michel Trudeau Killed by Avalanche in 1998

Michel Trudeau Killed by Avalanche in 1998 Michel Trudeau, the 23-year-old son of former Canadian Prime Minister  Pierre Trudeau  and Margaret Kemper and younger brother of current Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was killed by an avalanche in British Columbias  Kokanee Glacier Park  on November 13, 1998. Three other skiers also present on the slopes were rescued by a national park service helicopter from the provincial park in the wilderness area northeast of Nelson, B.C., where the young Trudeau was presumed to have been pushed off the ski trail by the avalanche and swept down into Kokanee Lake, where he was believed to have drowned. A private memorial service for family and friends was held on Friday, November 20, 1998, in Outremont, Quebec, though his body was never recovered from the lake. After the Incident Nearly ten months after the avalanche that killed Michel Trudeau, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.) sent a dive team into Kokanee Lake to search for his body, but a long winter, cold summer, and snow in the Rockies hampered search efforts. Before beginning the search, the R.C.M.P. cautioned that it was possible young Trudeaus body may never be found because divers could only go down to a depth of 30 meters (about 100 feet) while the lake is 91 meters (close to 300 feet) deep at its center. After nearly a month of searching - largely due to the limited number of days of open waters on the lake and the high altitude that prevented deep diving - Trudeaus family called off the search without recovering the body and later erected a chalet nearby as a memorial to Michel. More About Michel Nicknamed Miche by Fidel Castro (of all people) during a visit with his grandparents to Cuba in 1976, Michel Trudeau was born only four months before on October 2, 1975, in Ottawa, Ontario. Upon retiring from politics, Michels father Pierre moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, where the 9-year-old Michel would spend the rest of his childhood. Michel attended the Collà ©ge Jean-de-Brà ©beuf before pursuing a graduate degree in microbiology at Nova Scotias Dalhousie University. At the time of his death, Michel had been working at a mountain resort in Rossland, British Columbia for about a year.   On November 13, 1998, Michel and three friends set out on a backcountry skiing trip in the Kokanee Glacier Park, but the avalanche separated the group from Michel as he was swept downhill into the lake.   After his death, a newly discovered varietal of rose was named after him, dubbed the Michel Trudeau Memorial Rosebush, with proceeds from sales of the new flower benefitting the Canadian Avalanche Foundation, which helps survivors and victims of Canadas many avalanches recover after getting caught in one of natures most destructive natural disasters.

Frances Perkins and the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Frances Perkins and the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire A wealthy Bostonian who had come to New York for a Columbia University graduate degree, Frances Perkins (April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was having tea nearby on March 25 when she heard the fire engines. She arrived at the scene of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in time to see workers jumping from the windows above. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire   This scene motivated Perkins to work for reform in working conditions, especially for women and children. She served on the Committee on Safety of the City of New York as executive secretary, working to improve factory conditions. Frances Perkins met Franklin D. Roosevelt in this capacity, while he was New York governor, and in 1932, he appointed her as Secretary of Labor, the first woman to be appointed to a cabinet position. Frances Perkins called the day of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire the day the New Deal began.

The Dramatic Endings in The Playboy of Seville and Don Juan Tenorio Essay

The Dramatic Endings in The Playboy of Seville and Don Juan Tenorio - Essay Example Despite that fact that both plays are constructed on a similar foundation of themes, there are still many major differences between them which can be due to the fact that both were written in very different times. Social conventions and cultural norms became quite different in the 19th century than how they were in the 17th century. Years of difference not only transformed societal structures around the world, but they also significantly influenced the shape of literature. Following discussion will explore how the ending scenes in both plays are different from each other and how those differences at the end of the plays reflect different attitudes of the two societies towards the character of DJ. In the early 17th century at the time when the Playboy of Seville by Tirso de Molina came into existence in the world of literature, the way DJ is explored in the story is intended to reflect on the Spanish Golden Age which was the early modern Spanish society. The play is set in this time period and abides by the popular social, religious, and cultural conventions of that time. This is why in contrast to the 19th century version of Zorrilla, Tirso de Molina’s play is staunchly Catholic. It is the staggering difference between the nature of these two eras that there is such difference to be seen in the plays also particularly in context of their ending scenes. The early 17th century version focuses on the relationship between actions and their consequences, while the modern version appears to question the Christian philosophy related to actions and their effects. The later version has a different ending from that in the original play because writers of that time stopped feeli ng the need to remain strictly loyal to the Catholic philosophy. Religion was beginning to become abstract at that point as more and more people began to question its validity in certain matters in life. In old times like in the early 17th century strictly

Strategic Management and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 3

Strategic Management and Leadership - Essay Example The company’s headquarters is in Memphis, Tennessee. The corporation has many major divisions working under it which are like FedEx Express, FedEx Freight, FedEx Services and FedEx Ground. Among all these the flagship segment for the company is its FedEx Express which is the global leader in shipment industry providing the best quality service tot eh customers over the years continuously. The company has its business operations spread across in totally 220 countries with 300,000 employees, 660 aircrafts and 90,000 vehicles ready to perform at their best to provide the best quality service to the customers across all the countries. The company has been rated in the top 100 companies across the world in Fortune magazine and also has been ranked among the top 10 companies that are been admired globally in 2009 (FedEx, 2014). The corporation has got the highest number of aircrafts for shipment purpose than other companies in the shipment industry present in the global world. In 20 12, in US the company had a market share of 49% and also had a dream to grow continuously and capturing 15-20% of the market share in the global market having its good presence in mostly all the countries. The company’s net operating income value is around $2 billion and the revenue of the company is approximately $42 billion, in this 80% of the income generated for the company is from its flagship service FedEx Express which has been on the top of shipment of goods among all the other competitors present in the market. Many big companies like Apple have trusted over FedEx for their shipment process and they have used the service of FedEx to ship their products and parts to different parts of the world. Looking at the financial report of the company over the last few years it can be seen that the company has grown in a huge way in the last few years and has increased its market share and revenue with a good percentage over the previous years.

Ethnographic Process †Homo Narrans Essay Example for Free

Ethnographic Process – Homo Narrans Essay With her assertion in Number Our Days that humankind is a species of homo-narrans, Barbara Myerhoff describes us as story-telling creatures. We identify, express, discover and categorize ourselves based on the legends and lore of our cultural heritage as well as the anecdotal accounts of our personal lives. The works we have read support Myerhoff’s assertion, demonstrating through the narratives that humans define their world through stories at the same time that their stories define them. Myerhoff, Cruikshank and Fabian all respond to humans as story-telling beings, employing ethnographic strategies based on a holistic combination of qualitative and quantitative research. In her Number Our Days, Myerhoff gathered exhaustive narratives from the senior Jewish population of Venice, California. Likewise, Cruikshank’s interviews with the Yukon elders in Life Lived Like a Story reveal how thoroughly she participates with the ethnographic study of man as homo-narrans. (I particularly liked Angela’s story of balancing old and new customs. Similarly, Fabian’s Power and Performance supports itself upon qualitative fieldwork, contributing a plethora of anecdotal information to African anthropological studies. All authors interacted with and affected the social environment in which they worked, their studies not only speaking to the lives of their research subjects but the research and researchers themselves. I support the ways these authors respond to the notion of mankind as homo-narrans. People tell stories in life as a way to communicate their identity and beliefs, their backgrounds and ambitions. The only challenges I foresee lie in the fact that personal accounts are not always representative of the group to which they belong. And while it is impossible not to affect the sample population from which researchers derive information, to feel personally moved even to advocate on its behalf, it seems best that researchers remain objective in their studies, at least for the duration of those studies. A mind clouded with passion is not a viable tool of rational inquiry or observation. Once the study is complete, I could not fault a researcher for advocating people s/he discovered to be in need of help in the course of the inquiry.

Jonathan Edwards and the Puritan Mind Essay example -- essays papers

Jonathan Edwards and the Puritan Mind If one were to study the idea of Puritan thought through only the reading of these three works of Jonathan Edwards, one could probably gather a good idea of the inner workings of the Puritan mind. These three works do well to disclose to the reader the inner and outer workings of Jonathan Edwards. The Personal Narrative displays to the reader Jonathan Edwards' view of himself as he progressed through life, and the ideals and the things that were most valuable to him, and the things that were a hindrance to himself. The sermon A Divine and Supernatural Light exhibits the nature of Jonathan Edwards' intellectual mind, and the view of expository preaching that he and the Puritan mind may have held and endorsed. Finally, Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God shows Jonathan Edwards' passion for people to come to the same understanding of God as he (and most other Puritans) held. Through these three literary pieces we will see how the Puritan mind struggles with the goals of inner and oute r piety, and how they concern themselves with the eternal position of their soul. Jonathan Edwards, as a model of Puritan life, lived a life that concerned itself greatly with appearing and feeling godly. Most of the Personal Narrative shows Edwards in a struggle between delighting in God, and returning "like a dog to his vomit," (176) and going the way of sin. It seems, though, as Edwards grew in his faith, his concern for piety grew even further. At several points in his life he decided to "part with all things in the world for an interest in Christ" (177). Edwards struggled to delight himself in the things of God and surround himself with those things, often shutting other things out in order that he ma... ... salvation as some liberal theologians would suggest to us. In conclusion, Edwards paints a very unmistakable picture of how a Puritan mind works through these three essays/sermons in this book. Puritan thought is seen as very pious, reflective, spiritual, works-based, concerned about their salvation, and exclusive in nature. Edwards offers a three-dimensional view of how his mind works through the narrative of his personal life (Personal Narrative), the work of his intellectual mind (A Divine and Supernatural Light), and the passion of his soul (Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God). Being a student of theology, I found it an interesting insight into how his mind worked, in seeing Edwards' view of God. I am a firm believer in understanding people and their motivation by looking at their understanding of God. Edwards was an excellent example of the Puritan mind.

Promoting Gender Equality Essay

For centuries women were not treated equal to men in many ways. They were not allowed to own property, they did not have a Share in the property of their parents, they had no voting rights, they had no freedom to choose their work or job and so on. Now that we have come out of those dark days of oppression of women there is a need for strong movement to fight for the rights of women and to ensure that they get all the rights which men have or in other words a movement for the Empowerment of Women. The present seminar has been planned with a view to discuss the various issues related to the Empowerment of Women and to suggest measures for achieving this end.The body of research on women‘s empowerment has conceptualized and defined this construct in many ways and used different terms, often interchangeably, including ―autonomy,â€â€"―status,â€â€" and ―agencyâ€â€" (Lee-Rife and Edmeades 2011; Malhotra et al. 2002; Upadhyay and Hindin 2005). see more:examples of gender equality A review of the literature also shows different measures for the same conceptualization. For example, studies often measure women‘s autonomy with an index that assesses their participation in decision-making in various household issues. This index represents women‘s degree of control over their environment. Some researchers include both major and minordecisions, while others include only major decisions, excluding day-to-day household decisions and those that are traditionally within the woman‘s domain. Women‘s empowerment encompasses many dimensions, including economic, socio-cultural, familial/interpersonal, legal, political, and psychological (Malhotra et al. 2002), which contributes to the wide variation in conceptualizations of women‘s empowerment. Given this variation in conceptualization, it is difficult to measure women‘s empowerment consistently. Kabeer (2001), whose definition is widely accepted, defines empowerment as ―the expansi on of people‘s ability to make strategic life choices in a context where this ability was previously denied to them. Two central components of empowerment are agency and resources needed to exercise life choices (Kabeer 2001; Malhotra et al. 2002). Even with a clear definition, these constructs are difficult to quantify in a standardized way.Additionally, to measure empowerment at an individual level, researchers must translate the amorphous constructs into a set of specific questions that population-based surveys can ask of individual respondents (Kishor and Subaiya 2008). Another challenge is the variation in cultural contexts that affect the measurement of women‘s empowerment. It is desirable to use standardized questions that enable cross-cultural comparisons of empowerment. Yet a measure that captures empowerment in one context may have limited relevance in another, as is the case with measures that assess mobility in a community where women‘s free movement is the norm. While many existing measures of empowerment were originally conceptualized and developed for the context of Asia, and for South Asian countries in particular (Dyson and Moore 1983; Mason 1987), measures that are universally applicable regardless of the gender equity environment, such as those used in Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), are most useful for cross-national comparisons. Using the available standardized measures of women‘s empowerment among several population-based samples from sub-Saharan Africa will allow us to make comparisons and better understand whether the available measures adequately capture empowerment in these settings. It is still unknown whether the same dimensions of empowerment that were developed elsewhere are relevant in sub-Saharan Africa, where the gender environment is completely different than in other regions. In Africa, empowerment is likely to look different than elsewhere because of such differences as more working women who have control over their earnings, more polygamy, more nuclear families (as opposed to extended families), and larger ideal family size, and because women‘s status is often tied to their fertility. EMPOWERMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH A broad body of research exists on women‘s empowerment and reproductive outcomes. Substantial research, primarily focused on Asia, demonstrates that women‘s empowerment is associated with contraceptive use (Gwako 1997; Morgan and Niraula 1995; Schuler et al. 1997; Woldemicael 2009), lower fertility (Balk 1994; Dyson and Moore 1983; Hindin 2000), and longer birth intervals (Upadhyay and Hindin 2005). Some researchers have suggested that women‘s empowerment is a key pathway through which education influences fertility (Jejeebhoy 1995; Mason 1987). To operationalize women‘s empowerment, much of the research literature uses the previously mentioned index of participation in house holddecision-making. The standard DHS questionnaire includes a set of questions about household decision-making. Other approaches include assessing women‘s acceptance of reasons that a husband is justified for beating his wife, and also reasons that a wife is justified in refusing sex with her husband (Ethiopian Society of Population Studies 2008). The DHS includes questions about these issues. Such gender-role attitudes measure the extent of women‘s acceptance of norms that justify men‘s control over women. As expected, they are associated with lower levels of power over household decision-making among women (Dhaher et al. 2010; Hindin 2003; Linos et al. 2010). MAJOR OBSTACLES TO THE PROMOTION OF GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWERMENT Notwithstanding the widespread commitment shown through the ratification of international and regional gender equality frameworks, normative gains are not yet fully reflected in substantial changes in women’s lives, as shown in the preceding section. Large gaps remain between policy and practice and it is the aim of this section to discuss some of the major challenges that have been experienced. Continued presence of strong cultural and traditional practices constraining progress in achieving gender parity The continued presence of long standing cultural and traditional practices that discriminate against women and girls’ have constrained the progress towards achieving gender equality. Discriminatory practices and public attitudes towards the advancement of women and gender equality have not changed at the same pace as policy, legal and institutional frameworks. Lack of ratification of the instruments that promote gender equality Previous sections have identified the status with respect to a number of regional instruments, particularly the African Women’s Protocol. Some countries are yet to sign this instrument, while a considerable number are yet to ratify it. Ineffective institutional and policy implementation mechanisms Thirteen years after the adoption of the BPFA by the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995, the greatest challenge facing countries and regional institutions is the effective implementation of the adopted commitments. Good policies that do not have well formulated implementation plans and resources render the policies ineffective. In some countries, the capacity of gender machineries has also contributed to the slow pace. Some policies are not effectively implemented because they were not developed in a participatory way inclusive of both men and women. Lack of targets with well defined time-frames are also some of the factors that have hampered effective implementation of policies. Lack of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms also plays a significant role in the lack of implementation. Moreover, some policies tend to focus on the symptoms rather than addressing the persistent underlying causes of gender inequality. African women, especially those living in rural communities and those with disabilities, still face exclusion from participating in development processes that can empower them and improve gender equality. It is crucial to undertake inclusive participatory approaches in policy development that involve women as equal partners. Lack of adequate resources Lack of human and financial resources severely limits gender mainstreaming to achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment. Even in situations where a comprehensive plan of action for gender mainstreaming has been developed, countries may not have adequate resources to implement the plan. In particular National Gender Machineries (NGMs) experience limited financial and other material resource base to enhance the implementation of gender equality mandates, roles and responsibilities. In addition, there are gaps in human capacity, there is generally a challenge with respect to gender competence skills of officers in the NGMs to influence the engendering of macro-economic and sector policy frameworks. There is high staff turn over of experts, and low staff retention, most countries are facing difficulties of retaining and sustaining staff with the necessary expertise. Continued presence of strong cultural and traditional practices constraining progress in achieving gender parity in education In taking decisions with respect to the education of their children, some families continue to have preference for educating boys rather than girls. As noted female-to-male school enrolment, retention and completion favor boys in a majority of countries. Very few countries have female to male enrolment rates that favor girls over boys and these countries have been making progress to redress the situation. Continued presence of strong cultural and traditional practices constraining progress in achieving gender parity in health Some cultural and traditional practices continue to inhibit progress in the area of sexual and reproductive rights. Women and girls continue to risk death from maternal mortality. There is need to provide accessible sexual and reproductive healthcare services and education to reduce maternal mortality. Such interventions need to address the roles of both men and women. The rate of HIV infection is much higher among women than men and in this regard, governments must establish and monitor strict legal frameworks to address the vulnerability of women and girls. Furthermore, access to anti-retroviral treatment should be ensured. Lack of enforcement of laws that promote gender equality and lack of knowledge of laws In some countries laws that promote gender equality are in place, however lack of enforcement of such laws leads to the perpetuation of gender inequalities and violence against women. In some countries, laws are in place, but interpretation of these laws is lacking and as such, they are not enforced. Lack of full involvement of men and boys Changing cultural and traditional beliefs including patriarchy requires the involvement of men, and boys in the promotion of gender equality through innovative rights-based, culturally sensitive programmes and continued education and sensitization. Continued lack of recognition of women’s unpaid work The continued lack of recognition of unpaid work (domestic, reproductive, care and support) performed by women hampers the development of policies that can effectively promote gender equality. There is therefore need for such work to be given due recognition in the computation of national income. Limited role of the media The media can play a major role in promoting gender equality beyond what it is currently doing. In particular in creating awareness, sensitization and education campaigns to change patriarchal attitudes. As noted before establishing new laws alone is not enough; existing gendered social relations and cultural norms may quickly shape these laws. There is need for measures to counter preexisting social forces through education and training of both men and women. The media can make a major contribution towards promoting these gender equality messages. Lack of sex disaggregated and gender responsive data Sex-disaggregated data and information from gender-sensitive indicators are often not collected, lost in aggregation of published data, or not used. Gender responsive data would help in tracking the progress made towards achievement of gender equality. SUGGESTED RECOMMENDATIONS Translation of commitments and policies promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment into action on the ground remains a major challenge in Africa. Based on the findings of this study, this section highlights some recommendations that can help countries successfully implement the commitments and policies aimed at promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment. Improved research and collection of gender responsive statistical data It is important to systematically collect accurate sex and gender disaggregated data and conduct research that is essential for monitoring and evaluating progress towards achievement of gender equality and women’s empowerment. More efforts are needed to build capacity of national experts to collect gender disaggregated data in order to enhance integration of gender perspectives in the development process. Strengthen documentation and dissemination of information on promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment Sharing of information is important within countries, between countries and internationally and is critical to the success of achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment. There is need to intensify documentation of experiences with successful and unsuccessful practices and widely disseminate this information. It is important for member States, development partners and international and regional bodies to identify information exchange systems that can facilitate wide exchange of this information in the region. CONCLUSION The Empowerment of women has become one of the most important Concerns of 21st century not only at national level but also at the international level. Efforts by the Govt. are on to ensure Gender equality but Government initiatives alone would not be sufficient to achieve this goal. Society must take initiative to create a climate in which there is no gender discrimination and Women have full opportunities of Self decision making and participating in the Social, Political and Economic life of the Country with a sense of equality. As countries around the world work to promote gender equality and empower women as part of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, it can be expected that demand for smaller families will follow. Additionally, family planning programs can address women‘s empowerment as part of their mission to help women and couples have only the number of children they want. Such programs are likely to generate interest in family planning services, create demand for smaller families, and also reduce unwanted fertility. REFRENCES _Abadian, S. 1996. Women’s Autonomy and Its Impact on Fertility. World Development 24(12):1793-1809. _Gwako, E.L. 1997. Conjugal Power in Rural Kenya Families: Its Influence on Women’s _Decisions about Family Size and Family Planning Practices. Sex Roles 36(3-4):127-147. _Jejeebhoy, S.J. 1995.Women’s Education, Autonomy, and Reproductive Behaviour: Experience _from Developing Countries. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. _Jejeebhoy, S.J. 2000. Women’s Autonomy in Rural India: Its Dimensions, Determinants, and the Influence of Context. Pp. 204-238 in Women’s empowerment and demographic processes: moving beyond Cairo, edited by H. Presser and G. Sen. London: Oxford University Press. _ Lee-Rife, S.M. 2011. Women’s Empowerment and Reproductive Experiences over the Lifecourse. Soc Sci Med 71(3):634-642. _Linos, N., M. Khawaja, and M. Al-Nsour. 2010. Women’s Autonomy and Support for Wife Beating: Findings from a Population-Based Survey in Jordan. Violence Vict 25(3):409-419. _ Mason, K.O. 1987. The Impact of Women‘s Social Position on Fertility in Developing Countries. Sociological Forum 4:718–745. _Morgan, P.S. and B.B. Niraula. 1995. Gender Inequality and Fertility in Two Nepali Villages. Population and Development Review 21(3):541-561. _Westoff, C. and A. Bankole. Reproductive Preferences in Developing Countries at the Turn of the Century. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro. DHS Comparative Reports No. 2. April 2002. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pub_details.cfm?ID=369#dfiles . _Malhotra, A., S.R. Schuler, and C. Boender. Measuring Women’s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development. Washington, DC; June 28, 2002. http://hdr.undp.org/docs /network/hdr_net/GDI_GEM_Measuring_Womens_Empowerment.pdf . _ Gebreselassie, T. 2008. Spousal Agreement on Reproductive Preferences in Sub-Saharan Africa. Calverton, Maryland: Macro International Inc. DHS Analytical Studies No. 10. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/AS10/AS10.pdf _ UNECA, (2004b), Seventh African Regional Conference on Women (Beijing +10) Decade Review of the Implementation of the Dakar and Beijing Platforms of Action: Outcome and Way forward, Addis Ababa. _UNECA-SA, (2003), Land Tenure Systems and Sustainable Development in Southern Africa, Lusaka. _ WHO, (2002) Gender and Reproductive Rights Glossary. Geneva . _ World Bank, (2000), Can Africa Claim the 21st Century?, The World Bank, Washington DC. _Budlender D, J. Hicks and L. Vetten, (2002) South Africa: Expanding into diverse initiatives, in Gender Budgets Make More Cents Country Studies and Good Practice edited by D. Budlender and G. Hewitt, Commonwealth Secretariat, London. _ Government of Kenya, (2005), MDG Status Report For Kenya, Nairobi. _Government of Malawi, (2004) State Party Report of Malawi to the CEDAW Committee, Lilongwe. _ Government of Sierra Leone, (2004), PRSP of Sierra Leone, A National Programme for Food Security, Job Creation and Good Governance (2005 – 2007), Freetown. _ Green Africa Network, (2004), Policy Document on Overall Sustainable Women Development for Socioeconomic Development of Rural Africa, Nairobi. _ Longwe S. H., (2000), Towards realistic strategies for women’s political empowerment in Africa, Gender and Development, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 24-30. _ OECD and NEPAD, (2007), Gender and Economic Empowerment in Africa Outcome of the meeting of the 8th Africa Partnership Forum Berlin, Germany 22-23 May 2007. _Oxfam, 2004, Mozambique’s Family Law passes, http://www.oxfam.org/en/programs/development/ safrica/moz_law.htm _ Reeves H and S Baden, (2000), Gender and Development: Concepts and Definitions, Report prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID) for its gender mainstreaming intranet resource, Institute of Develo pment Studies, BRIDGE report Number 55, Brighton. _ Sen A, (1993) Capability and well-being, in Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum (eds.), The quality of life, Oxford, Clarendon Press. _ UNDAW, (2005) Enhancing Participation of Women in Development through an Enabling Environment for Achieving Gender Equality and the Advancement of Women, Aide Memoire held in Bangkok, Thailand, 8 – 11 November 2005. _UNECA and AUC (Forthcoming) Good Practices for Addressing GBV/VAW in Africa, Draft Document, September 2008, Addis Ababa. _ UNECA, (2008a), The Millennium Development Goals in Africa: Progress and Challenges. _ UNECA, (2008b), Millennium Development Goals Monitoring: Challenges and Opportunities for African Countries – E/ECA/STATCOM/1/6, Report prepared for the First Meeting of the Statistical Commission for Africa (STATCOM-AFRICA I) held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 21-24 January 2008. _ UNECA, (2008c), The State of Older People in Africa –2007: Regional review and appra isal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, UNECA, Addis Ababa. _ UNECA, (2007a), Accelerating Africa’s Growth and Development to meet the MDGs: Emerging Challenges and the way forward: An Issues Paper for the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development/Fortieth session of the Commission Twenty-sixth Meeting of the Committee of Experts held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29 March – 1 April 2007. _ UNECA, (2007b), Ministerial statement of the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development/Fortieth session of the Commission Twenty-sixth Meeting of the Committee of Experts held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29 March – 1 April 2007. _ UNECA, (2007c), Millennium Development Goals Report, Report to the Conference of Ministers of African Ministers responsible for Finance, Planning, and Economic Development held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 2007. _ECA (2007d) Land Policy in Africa: A Framework to Strengthen Land Rights, Enhance Productivity and Secure Livelihoods, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. _ UNECA, 2006: Meeting the Challenge of Employment In Africa, An Issues Paper for the Twenty-fifth meeting of the Committee of Experts of the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development Ouagadougou 10 – 13 May 2006. _ UNECA (2005a) Economic Report on Africa 2005 – Meeting the Challenges of Unemployment and Poverty in Africa, Addis Ababa. _UNECA (2005b), Promoting Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Africa: Questioning the Achievements and Confro nting the Challenges Ten Years after Beijing, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. _UNECA (2004a). The African Gender and Development Index. (ECA) Addis Ababa.

News and History: Re-Inventing Iraq Through British Drawdown

Early this month U.S. Defense Department’s Secretary Robert Gates and British Defense Secretary Des Browne met in London to agree on the withdrawal of half of the British troops in   Iraq. They said that the pull out was not because of any mounting domestic political pressure from any individual or groups but because of the improved situation in the said region. Des Browne said that Britain and the U.S. have the same aspirations for Iraq. But while the situation in Iraq continues to stabilize, in Afghanistan, however, it was the opposite. Des Browne is calling for additional international forces to be sent to Afghanistan which he said as part of the â€Å"long-term commitment† to pursue stability in those areas. That probably is the catch for the withdrawal because according to him all the 2,500 troops that would be taken out in southern part of Iraq would be diverted to Afghanistan to support the present force manning those territories. The two powerful personalities agreed that there is no need for most of the forces in those parts of Iraq and that the withdrawal was agreed by Gen. David Petraeus who was the highest military personnel in Iraq. Accordingly the situation in this part of the region has been neutralized and had been peaceful in the past few months and no major war can be foreseen. Also, Australian troops would be included among those to be withdrawn. These three countries have been blood allies from the beginning and such decision are always being agreed by these three powerful nations. But that is not the end of the news, however. According to the New York Times, in reality there is still continuous fighting between the rival Shiite factions who are trying to gain control of the oil-rich section of Iraq. Just recently, politicians were assassinated in the provinces of Muthanna and Diwaniyah. These provinces were located in the southern part of the country and people say that these political killings are being done by certain groups to have control over all of the oil reserve found in these areas. Britain’s Prime Minister Tony Blair was somewhat dismayed of the growing fractionalization and rebellion in Iraq. The Prime Minister has always been supporting the U.S. in its long time war with Iraq and ironically his decade-long tenure ended in June this year. Blair was questioning British Prime Minister Gordon Brown’s decision on the issue of withdrawal and for now Brown had to distance himself from the embattled ex-Prime Minister. Britain has more than 5,000 troops particularly situated in Iraq while the U.S. has nearly 170,000 troops all stationed around Iraq. After the announcement of the withdrawal, Brown said those who will remain would be tasked to train Iraqi government troops and will only fight if necessary. They will also be withdrawn by the end of next year, he said. The New York Times also reported that some U.S. Marines were proposing to be pulled out along with the Britons and also wanted to move to Afghanistan because they feel they are better suited to fight in that war (Youssef, 2007). This news was more related with Toby Dodge’s book Inventing Iraq where in the old days the British colonizes part of the Ottoman territories in the now modern Iraq and built frontiers to keep natives from uniting and throwing them out of their colonies. British has long been trying to conquer Iraq because of its vast oil resources and widening its territories. Although it has established itself temporarily, ultimately it failed to conquer the country due to Britain’s misguided policies plus the ever intervening attitude of the U.S. The result was a failure of governance and ultimately the assumption of rule by the Iraqis. The author has explicitly vindicated the fate of the oppressed as against the oppressor and implied that no one has the right to rule anybody because it is unjust and immoral. Reference: Youssef, N. A. (2007). Gates: British Drawdown In Iraq Due To Improved Conditions [Electronic Version]. Retrieved October 17, 2007 from http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/20393.html.      

Arthur Miller Bio Essay

Arthur Miller Bio Essay Arthur Miller Bio Essay Kaelin Johnson Ms. Tague AP Literature 14 Jan. 2013 Arthur Miller, one of the most influential writers of his time and the greatest playwright of the twentieth century, had a very difficult life growing up which indeed reflected the themes of his famous works of literature; one being Death of a Salesman. The great play, Death of a Salesman, was written by Arthur Miller in 1949. This world famous play was the recipient of the 1949 â€Å"Pulitzer Prize† and the â€Å"Tony Award for best play.† This play went on to showcase over 700 performances and it has been improved b Broadway four time which enabled the play to win three â€Å"Tony Awards for Best Revival.† Even though the play was filled with great actors and an excellent script, this was not the only reason for its success. The time period form which it was written attracted many people and the audiences were able to relate to the problems of the characters on stage. In the midst of a postwar boom in 1940, many Americans were optimistic about their future an d their hope for an improvement with their finances. They hoped to become rich from a commercial venture and then live a peaceful life with their families; This was their definition of the â€Å"American Dream.† Arthur Miller’s creation of Death of a salesman was completely opposite of this belief that people formed in their minds (Marino). They play’s main theme was a man’s quest to achieve the â€Å"American Dream† and his failure to ever reach it which then causes his death. This theme is well acknowledged in a quote from Death of a Salesman, â€Å"WILLY: What’s the mystery? The man knew what he wanted and went out and got it! Walked into a jungle, and comes out, the age of twenty-one,

18 Funny St. Patricks Day Quotes and Toasts

18 Funny St. Patrick's Day Quotes and Toasts Irish people love to joke about themselves, and their love for alcohol has long been a theme in St. Patricks Day humor- and their own good-natured ribbing of each other. Get a taste of the Irish sense of humor with these funny St. Patricks Day quotes, and use these toasts the next time youre in your favorite pub with friends. Irish Blessing May the Good Lord take a liking to you...but not too soon! May the Lord keep you in his hand and never close his fist too tight. Author Unknown Saint Patrick was a gentlemanWho through strategy and stealthDrove all the snakes from IrelandHeres a drinkee to his health!But not too many drinkeesLest we lose ourselves and then...Forget the good Saint PatrickAnd see them snakes again! Anyone acquainted with Ireland knows that the morning of St. Patricks Day consists of the night of the 17th of March flavored strongly with the morning of the 18th. Daryl Stout Why should you never iron a 4-leaf clover? You dont want to press your luck. Irish Saying There are only two kinds of people in the world, The Irish and those who wish they were. There are many good reasons for drinking,One has just entered my head.If a man doesnt drink when hes living,How in the hell can he drink when hes dead? An Irishman is never drunk as long as he can hold onto one blade of grass to keep from falling off the earth. Charles M. Madigan St. Patrick- one of the few saints whose feast day presents the opportunity to get determinedly whacked and make a fool of oneself all under the guise of acting Irish. St. Patricks Day Toast Here’s to a long life and a merry one.A quick death and an easy oneA pretty girl and an honest oneA cold beer- and another one! Irish Toast It is better to spend money like theres no tomorrow than to spend tonight like theres no money! May you die in bed at 95 years, shot by a jealous husband (or wife). May the sound of happy music, And the lilt of Irish laughter, fill your heart with gladness, that stays forever after. May your glass be ever full.May the roof over your head be always strong.And may you be in heaven half an hour before the devil knows youre dead. When we drink, we get drunk.When we get drunk, we fall asleep.When we fall asleep, we commit no sin.When we commit no sin, we go to heaven.So, lets all get drunk, and go to heaven! May you always have a clean shirt, a clear conscience, and enough coins in your pocket to buy a pint! May the winds of fortune sail you, may you sail a gentle sea, may it always be the other guy who says This drinks on me. May your doctor never earn a dollar out of you and may your heart never give out. May the 10 toes of your feet steer you clear of all misfortune, and before youre much older, may you hear much better toasts than this.

Estimate critical analysis of the companys recent history with Essay

Estimate critical analysis of the companys recent history with Financial Analysis of Heartland Express company - Essay Example (Rm-Rf) is the risk premium rate and beta can be defined as a measure of how much the stock and market move together. The following values have been traced through relevant financial sources WACC or the weighted average cost of capital is the weighted average cost of the company’s equity and long term debt. WACC is calculated by multiplying the cost of equity with the market value of the equity and cost of debt with the market value of the debt. Cost of debt is usually the interest rate that the company’s pay on its long term and short term financial borrowings. However, an analysis of the company’s financial statements will show that the company does have any long term or short term interest bearing financial debts. All of its debts comprise of trading nature and the company does have to pay any interest on such securities. Does the cost of debt for the heartland express is nil. Keeping all the above factors into consideration, the WACC of heartland express is equal to its cost of equity i.e. 6.11% The estimated value of the company’s equity is calculated by discounting the free cash flow of the company for the foreseeable future using the weighted average cost of capital of the company (WACC). Free cash flow method is basically a measure of financial performance of the company which is calculated as free cash flows minus the capital expenditure. From pure financial management’s perspective, free cash flow can be defined as the cash which the company is able to generate setting aside the money required to maintain or expand its current asset base. The following table presents the free cash flow calculation and the equity value of the company as at financial year end December 31, 2010. Note 2: In the free cash flow method, the depreciation and amortization expense are added to the profit after taxes since these are the non-cash items. For the

Social communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social communication - Essay Example fight it/Joseph Stalin, Malenkov, Nasser and Prokofiev/Rockefeller, Campanella, Communist Bloc/Roy Cohn, Juan Peron, Toscanini, Dacron/Dien Bien Phu falls, â€Å"Rock Around the Clock†/Einstein, James Dean, Brooklyn’s got a winning team/Davy Crockett, Peter Pan, Elvis Presley, Disneyland/Bardot, Budapest, Alabama, Krushchev/Princess Grace, â€Å"Peyton Place,† trouble in the Suez CHORUS Little Rock, Pasternak, Mickey Mantle, Kerouac/Sputnik, Chou En-Lai, â€Å"Bridge on the River Kwai†/Lebanon, Charles de Gaulle, California baseball/Starkweather, homicide, children of thalidomide/Buddy Holly, â€Å"Ben Hur,† Space Monkey, Mafia/Hula hoops, Castro, Edsel is a no-go/U-2, Syngman Rhee, Payola and Kennedy/Chubby Checker, â€Å"Psycho,† Belgians in the Congo CHORUS Hemingway, Eichmann, Stranger in a Strange Land/Dylan, Berlin, Bay of Pigs invasion/Lawrence of Arabia, British Beatlemania/Ole Miss, John Glenn, Liston beats Patterson/Pope Paul, Malco lm X, British politician sex/JFK, blown away, what else do I have to say CHORUS Birth control, Ho Chi Minh, Richard Nixon back again/Moonshot, Woodstock, Watergate, punk rock/Begin, Reagan, Palestine, terror on the airline/Ayatollah’s in Iran, Russians in Afghanistan/†Wheel of Fortune,† Sally Ride, heavy metal, suicide/Foreign debts, homeless vets, AIDS, crack, Bernie Goetz/Hypodermics on the shores, China’s under martial law/Rock and roller cola wars, I can’t take it anymore CHORUS We didn’t start the fire/But when we are gone/Will it still burn on, and on, and on, and on... White Riot: White riot - I want a riot/White riot - a riot of my own/White riot - I want a riot/White riot - a riot of my own/Black people got a lot a problems/But they dont mind throwing a brick/White people go to school/Where they teach you how to be thick/And everybodys doing/Just what theyre told to/And nobody wants/To go to jail! CHORUS All the powers in the hands/Of people rich enough to buy it/While we walk the street/Too chicken to even

Analysis of options and recommendations for action Assignment

Analysis of options and recommendations for action - Assignment Example This change in tourism trend could be attributed to uncertain economic conditions, stagnant salaries, rising inflation, and growing threat of terror attacks. Therefore many of the UK citizens think that it is better to visit domestic tourist destinations that are in close proximity to them so as to maintain a good balance between their income and expenses. Evidently, such an adverse trend change in the tourism sector would negatively affect the travel business. This report will examine how the travel agency could respond to this change and suggest specific strategies to boost sales in the context of the change. The declining trend of outbound tourism in UK poses great threats to travel and tourism businesses that increasingly rely on people visiting overseas countries (Travel Mole, 2014). The recent global financial crisis together with rising daily living expenses significantly contributed to this trend because people strongly believed that outbound tourism would cause them to incur huge costs. In addition, there has been a trend of decrease in the ownership of overseas holiday homes in UK over the last few years. The English people think that visiting domestic tourist destinations is a better way to cut down huge expenses associated with outbound tourism and save for the future. The growing threat of terror attacks across the world also discourages UK citizens to enjoy overseas holidays or to own overseas holiday homes (Page, 2011, p.75). A SWOT analysis is a better tool to analyse the internal and external environments of the travel and tourism sectors. While analysing the internal strengths of the UK travel industry, it seems that the country has a well developed infrastructure that support travel and tourism businesses. High cost of operations is a major weakness of these sectors as this issue negatively affects people’s overseas holiday

Current Definition Of Recklessness Within Criminal Law Law Essay

Current Definition Of Recklessness Within Criminal Law Law Essay Recklessness is a problematic area of the criminal law, since there is no strict definition of what constitutes it. Statutes make provision for the presence of recklessness, but have yet to define it strictly, thus it falls on the hands of the judges to interpret what is meant by recklessness. It is therefore most easily delineated via case law. Judges have had to rely on explanations in important case reports in order to decide what amounts to recklessness. This has meant delving through colossal number recklessness cases in order to find out whether the case in question falls within the confines set out there. Realising this is challenging, the Law Commission have sought to remedy the situation, by releasing several working papers on the issue. One of them gives the following explanation: a person acts recklessly [if] he is aware of a risk thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦exists or will exist [or] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when he is aware of risk thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦will occur and it is, in the circumstances known to him, unreasonable to take the risk.  [1]   This assignment will start by putting forward a concise history of intent in recklessness. The development of the law in this area will be looked out with the aid of case law such as Cunningham [1957] Caldwell [1982] and RvG [2003]. This paper will provide an evaluation of the current definition of recklessness within criminal law. In order to identify and understand the concept of recklessness, intention needs to be discussed. The 19th century criminal legislation required that defendants had to have acted `maliciously and `unlawfully when committing an offence. The accused will act unlawfully if he fails to present a lawful reason for his act, he would be considered acting maliciously once he satisfies the level of Mens Rea required for the Actus Reus. The word `malicious introduces the requirement of Mens Rea. The statutory definition of `malice is, requiring an actual intention to do a particular kind of harm that in fact was done, or reckless as to whether such harm should occur or not. The accused has foreseen that particular harm might be done, and has gone on to take the risk. The word `maliciously means in relation to the law of England and Wales `an intent or recklessness  [2]  . Intention is the highest level of Mens Rea. Mens Rea means `guilty mind in Latin. Intention differs from recklessness; intention commands a severe penalty within the criminal justice system, morally intent is considered objectionable, adjacent to recklessness. Recklessness was first used within criminal statute with conjunction to the Motorcar Act 1903. Professor C S Kennys opinion of recklessness required actual awareness by the defendant of the likelihood of the particular harm. Kenny considered it an element additional to awareness of risk, indifference whether the foreseen harm occurred or not. Another view is that an individual is reckless if he takes a known risk, even if he ardently trusts the foreseen harm, will not occur  [3]  . In 1957 the case of Cunningham transformed the interpretation of Recklessness. In R v Cunningham D broke a gas meter to steal the money contained within the meter. Gas seeped from the broken pipe and into the house next door, where Ds mother-in- law was sleeping. The mother-in-law became so ill, that her life was endangered. D was convicted of unlawfully and maliciously administering a noxious thing as to endanger life or inflict grievous bodily harm under S.23 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. Cunninghams conviction was quashed because of misdirection of the trial judge as to the meaning of maliciously.   The Court of Appeal held that malice must not be taken as to mean wickedness, but as requiring either (1) an intention to do the particular harm that was done, or (2) reckless as to whether such harm should occur or not  [4]  . Recklessness in this sense means foreseeing that harm might occur, and going ahead with the act anyway. This is called a subjective test, i.e. the accused is reckless if he realised there was a risk of gas escaping and endangering someone, and went ahead with his action anyway. Prof. Kenny wrote in his first edition of `outlines criminal law that, intent or recklessness had to be proved, as mentioned previously, he also stated that ` it neither limited to, nor does it indeed require any ill-will towards the person injured  [5]  . For a defendant to be guilty under Cunningham recklessness he must have consciously undertaken an unjust risk, he must realise that there is a risk involved. However, if he continues to carry on with his conduct, he is then reckless. The case defined a type of recklessness that the knowledge of appreciation of the risk of some danger must have entered the defendants mind even, though he may have suppressed or driven it out  [6]  . Cunningham is considered the first limb of recklessness the second limb arises from the case of MPC v Caldwell (1982). The second test of Recklessness, Caldwell created a new and wider test. D was an ex-employee of a hotel and held a grudge against its owner. He started a fire at the hotel, which caused some damage D was charged with arson. The old Cunningham test of recognising theres a risk and going ahead anyway, was extended to include a second limb; namely that the D does an act which creates an obvious risk and, has not given any thought as to the possibility of there being such a risk  [7]  . The Caldwell test for recklessness is objective, i.e. the risk must be obvious to the reasonable man, in that any reasonable man would have realised it if he had thought about it. Although, it need not be obvious to the defendant: Elliott v C [1983] and R v Coles [1994]. Lord Diplock stated that the definition of recklessness in Cunningham was too narrow for the Criminal Damage Act 1971, recklessness, should not only include the Cunningham meaning. Lord Diplock stated that a person is reckless as to whether any property would be destroyed or damaged if; he does an act, which in fact creates an obvious risk that property would be destroyed, or damaged. Additionally when the act is committed he has not given any thought to the possibility of there being any such risk, alternatively, he has recognised that there was some risk involved and has nonetheless gone on to do it  [8]  . Hence, for Caldwell recklessness to be satisfied, D does not have to foresee a risk, nevertheless takes a risk that would have been obvious to a reasonable prudent man. The It was deemed that after Caldwell whenever the term reckless was involved, an objective approach would be applied to the case. However this changed with the decision in RvG, as a subjective test was applied, instead of an objective test. It was deemed that a subjective test would be applied because the Caldwell test was seen to be a model direction which contained inconsistencies and lacked precision  [9]  . The RvG case reinstated the subjective test from R v Cunningham  [10]  (Cunningham) and clarified the law on recklessness by overruling the objective test in Caldwell. Additionally one can note that from RvG, this subjective definition of recklessness would be applicable in all statutory offences of recklessness and not the definition which was illustrated in the Cunningham case. The House of Lords decision in RvG enforcing this definition of reckless, illustrated a significant impact by eradicating the definition of recklessness in Cunningham. One can note that this impact of the decision conveyed the problems with the definition of recklessness under Cunningham. For example, within the Cunningham definition, the test only refers to taking risks as a result and makes no mention of taking risks as to a circumstance. However the law commission draft criminal code adds an additional restriction on finding the term reckless. Additionally, under the draft criminal code there is the additional requirement of the awareness of the risk and that the actual damage caused might occur. Thus the reformed definition of subjective recklessness conveys a more acc urate and broad scope of the meaning of recklessness, compared to the Cunningham definition of subjective recklessness. As a result of this reform, a subjective approach will be incorporated when assessing the term recklessness. Consequently it can be seen that the House of Lords in G and another did in fact adopt the better test in terms of policy and principle. Also English law has progressed to the point where there is, almost certainly, now only one test of recklessness  [11]  which is of a subjective nature. Additionally from the Cunningham case, the expression Maliciously was replaced with the expression reckless in RvG by Lord Bingham in the House of Lords. Maliciously was an expression which was formerly recognisable within the House of Lords. This proposal was changed because the term maliciously was seen to be too narrow and with limited scope. However, the expression reckless is considered to have a wider capacity for interpretation. Therefore this modification of expressions portrays a positive impact of the decision of the House of Lords in RvG. The reasonable adult was an issue raised in RvG from the objective approach in the Caldwell test. The issue of a reasonable adult was challenged in a previous case known as Elliott v C  [12]  . This case highlighted the negative aspects of objective recklessness as the person in question was fourteen years of age with learning difficulties. Evidently the risk must be obvious to the reasonably prudent person, and not necessarily obvious to the defendant. Therefore this conveys the problems within the Caldwell test as it does not cover everything, including individual characteristics. In this case the fourteen year old girl was guilty of criminal damage as she failed to consider the risk which would have been obvious to a reasonable person. In Hardie,  [13]  which came after Elliott v C, contradicted the judgement of the latter. Hardie became intoxicated after taking valium, believing them not to be dangerous. While under this influence, he set fire to his ex-girlfriends house, with her in it. Originally convicted, Hardie appealed and his conviction was quashed on the grounds that in itself, the taking of valium was not reckless. This is contradictory because his actual mental state was considered, which was not the case in Elliott v C. Subsequently this issue was raised in RvG, where within the trial, Lord Diplocks direction in Caldwell was used and disagreement occurred as the issue of the reasonable adult was accepted in being aimed at the children of ages eleven and twelve. From this trial, the case went onto the House of Lords, which unanimously answered the conflict of this question. The impact of the House of Lords decision in RvG illustrated great criticisms on the Caldwell test, in where it was noted that the Caldwell case was based on fragile foundations because the law commission report was not referred to  [14]  and subsequently was referred to in RvG. Additionally this impact of criticism upon Caldwell was heavily enforced by other law lords, for instance, Lord Hutton illustrated his criticism nature by expressing Experience suggest that in Caldwell in law took a wrong turn  [15]  and agreeing with Lord Bingham. Therefore conveying Lord Diplocks decision in the Caldwell case was incorrect. Furthermore Lord Diplocks decision in the Caldwell case has been criticised by many academics who have described the decision to be Pathetically inadequate, slap happy and profoundly regrettable  [16]  . Therefore the decision in the House of Lords in RvG illustrated these criticisms by rejecting the Caldwell recklessness approach. On the other hand, one can note that the decision in RvG in the House of Lords has had significant criticism on the basis of the outcome of the case. Academics have criticised RvG that the decision of the case should have been different. For example, Professor Keating criticised the decision of RvG by where in his investigation, he revealed 69% of members of the public do regard behaviour such as that of the boys as criminally blameworthy  [17]   thus illustrating that the boys between ages eleven and twelve in RvG were old enough to appreciate the risks involved. Additionally, the House of Lords decision in RvG has conveyed an impact of a criticising nature. It can be seen that as a result of RvG, there are critics that illustrate that it will be too easy for a defendant to state that they have not considered a risk to others and therefore may by acquitted at their case. On the contrary, the House of Lords have reasserted the subjective test instead of the objective test seen in Caldwell and have also established that if the defendant is voluntary intoxicated, they can be convicted without the awareness of the risk present. In the RvG case, the House of Lords conveyed this to be seen as a special exception in accordance with crimes concerning intoxicated individuals. Evidently this conveys how the House of Lords in RvG took into account of refining the Caldwell test due it being unfair, and achieving justice by taking into consideration, individual characteristics which werent present before in the Caldwell test. As mentioned above, one can note that the House of Lords decision in RvG illustrated criticism thus conveying a negative impact of the case. This can be seen as the RvG case only overrules the objective test in criminal damage, therefore the Caldwell test still applies today in certain cases after RvG, this can be seen in R v Castle (Mark Anthony)  [18]  , in where both the RvG and Caldwell tests were applied. Additionally Simester and Sullivan, both academics argue that Caldwell reckless could still be applied in some offences  [19]  , an example in where Caldwell has been applied can be seen by the Data Protection Act 1998  [20]  . Alternatively, one can suggest that there has been a positive impact of the House of Lords decision in RvG. This can be conveyed by where the courts no longer have to distinguish what type of recklessness has to be applied and the House of Lords in RvG has illustrated that the subjective one will be upheld in future cases concerning recklessness. Therefore this has allowed the courts to scrutinize the expression reckless more easily than seen in cases before RvG. An illustration of this can be seen in Eliot v C as noted above. In addition one can note that RvG case has ruled out a clear distinction between negligence and recklessness. It can be illustrated by previous cases that before the decision in RvG, there was not a clear distinction between both concepts. An example of a case is Chief Constable of Avon v Shimmen  [21]  . Within this case, it was deemed that a person who stops to think will still be liable if he realised there was some risk. Therefore this case illustrates that the Caldwell test made individuals guilty who previously were not guilty due to them being careless, but now after RvG are reckless. Overall, one must appreciate the House of Lords decision in RvG, which has allowed a subjective test to be reasserted when referring to recklessness and introduced a reformed definition of subjective recklessness. Additionally the decision has allowed a clear distinction to be applied when assessing negligence and recklessness cases. Moreover, the Caldwell test has been overruled in relation to criminal damage. Furthermore it can be identified above that there are both positive and negative impacts which have departed from the RvG decision in the House of Lords. Having analysed all of the above facts and cases, it is clear that the law on recklessness has been problematic, and often contradictory in the past. However the case of RvG has gone somewhat to remedy this issue and can be said to have succeeded in many respects. But there is still room for a statutory reform even though it may be vastly difficult to make statutory provision for all potential problems within recklessness. However, in the long run, statutory definitions of all that constitutes recklessness, and explanations of issues surrounding the topic, would be most useful, and save the judiciary time and money. Booth v Crown Prosecution Service (2006)